The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown, Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet. In October under a combined siege by the French and Continental armies under Washington, the British surrendered their second invading army of the war. Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain, where many sympathized with the rebels, but now it reached a new low.
Washington could not know that after Yorktown the British would not reopen hostilities. They still had 26, troops occupying New York City, Charleston and Savannah, together with a powerful fleet. The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers.
The peace treaty with Britain, known as the Treaty of Paris, gave the U. The British abandoned the Indian allies living in this region; they were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States. Issues regarding boundaries and debts were not resolved until the Jay Treaty of Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain.
The war revealed the limitations of Britain's fiscal-military state when it discovered it suddenly faced powerful enemies, with no allies, and dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication.
The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King's ministers. Inside parliament, the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation, parliamentary reform, and government retrenchment. Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption. The peace in left France financially prostrate, while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business. The crisis ended after thanks to the King's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox the leader of the Fox-North Coalition , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister, William Pitt.
Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case.
After the war finally ended in , there was a period of prosperity, with the entire world at peace. The national government, still operating under the Articles of Confederation, was able to settle the issue of the western territories, which were ceded by the states to Congress. American settlers moved rapidly into those areas, with Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee becoming states in the s. However, the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks, or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war.
Nationalists, led by Washington, Alexander Hamilton and other veterans, feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war, or even internal revolts such as the Shays' Rebellion of in Massachusetts. Calling themselves "Federalists," the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in The national debt after the American Revolution fell into three categories.
There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value. There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers, merchants, and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually. Everyone received face value for wartime certificates, so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established.
About 60, to 70, Loyalists left the newly founded republic; some left for Britain and the remainder, called United Empire Loyalists, received British subsidies to resettle in British colonies in North America, especially Quebec concentrating in the Eastern Townships , Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Interpretations about the effect of the Revolution vary. Contemporary participants referred to the events as "the revolution. These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights, and a system of laws chosen by the people. After the Revolution, genuinely democratic politics became possible. Concepts of liberty, individual rights, equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism.
The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed. The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire, and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government, provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations with directly elected representative government.
The Dutch Republic, also at war with Britain at that time, was the next country after France to sign a treaty with the United States, on October 8, Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause. The Revolution, along with the Dutch Revolt end of the 16th century and the English Civil War in the 17th century , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution, such as Marquis de Lafayette.
States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation, which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer. The Revolution influenced the philosophical underpinnings of American society. The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women. The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology.
It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens. Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic. During this period, the wife's relationship with her husband also became more liberal, as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship.
In addition, many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands. The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women.
Patriarchy faded as an ideal; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families.
Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing, especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems. There was more permissiveness in child-rearing. Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property. But, some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community, which were not originally recognized as significant by men.
Abigail Adams expressed to her husband, the president, the desire of women to have a place in the new republic:. Zagarri argues the Revolution created a continuing debate on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women's participation in politics.
She asserts that for a brief decade, a "comprehensive transformation in women's rights, roles, and responsibilities seemed not only possible but perhaps inevitable. Chat WhatsApp. This is the latest accepted revision, accepted on 6 April Central concepts [show].
Republic Popular sovereignty Social contract Anti-monarchism. History [show]. Related topics [show]. Monarchism Res publica. Further information: No taxation without representation and Virtual representation. But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies, where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections. The British elites also understood that an all-out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order, as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain's seventeenth-century civil wars.
Further information: Shot heard 'round the world, Boston campaign, and Invasion of Canada Main article: Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War. See also: Annapolis Convention and Federalist Papers. Further information: United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton. Funk and Wagnalls Company,. Retrieved 11 July Schultz et al. Encylopedia of Religion in American Politics. Volume: 2 P.
Nelson, The American Tory p. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker Miller, Origins of the American Revolution p.
Cheng University of Georgia Press. Martin I. Companion to the American Revolution, pp. Kerber, et al. Abigail Adams.
Simon and Schuster. Bailyn, Bernard The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. ISBN Retrieved Becker, Carl New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. Archived from the original on 12 October Berkin, Carol New York: Vintage Books. Boorstin, Daniel J. The Genius of American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brinkley, Douglas American Heritage Magazine 59 4. ISSN Burrows, Edwin G. Calhoon, Robert M. In Greene, Jack P.
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. OCLC Archived from the original on 3 November Center for History and New Media Chapter 3: Enlightenment and human rights". Fairfax, Virginia: George Mason University. Archived from the original on 15 November Chisick, Harvey Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment.
Crow, Jeffrey J. The Southern Experience in the American Revolution. Ferguson, Robert A. JSTOR Fifth Virginia Convention Archived from the original on 6 September Greene, Jack P. A Companion to the American Revolution. Griffin, Martin Ignatius Joseph Commodore John Barry: "the father of the American navy". Philadelphia: self-published. Hamilton, Alexander In Syrett, Harold C. New York: Columbia University Press. Higginbotham, Don Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Hull, N. Jensen, Merrill Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company. New York: Random House Inc. Kerber, Linda K. Klos, Stanley L. President Who? Forgotten Founders. Pittsburgh: Evisum, Inc. Labaree, Leonard Woods Phelps lectureship on early American history. Lee, Richard Henry Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Maier, Pauline American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence.
New York: Alfred A. New York: W. Norton and Company, Inc. Shalhope, Robert E. Shy, John Stephens, Otis H. Warren, Charles Wood, Gordon S.
The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Archived from the original on 25 September The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library. Wraight, Christopher D. London: Continuum Books. Origins of the American Revolution : writings. American resolves, declarations, petitions, essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence July Category Portal.
United States topics. Supreme Court Federal courts Courts of appeals District courts. Book Category Portal WikiProject. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tags: American Revolution, Ilmu Komputer, , American Revolution This is the latest accepted revision accepted on 6 April , In this article inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies of British America that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as, Americans, with occasional references to, Patriots, Whigs, Rebels, or, Revolutionaries.
Have a question? Need assistance? Use our online form to ask a librarian for help. The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States, recognized American independence and established borders for the new nation.
The American negotiators were joined by Henry Laurens two days before the preliminary articles of peace were signed on November 30, The Treaty of Paris, formally ending the war, was not signed until September 3, War had begun to look inevitable and so, in September, delegates from the colonies met to discuss their grievances in what they called the Continental Congress. Just 80 words long, the Lee Resolution proposed the dissolution of any political connection between Great Britain and the colonies.
Although most delegates supported independence, the proposal was not guaranteed to pass unanimously, so members held off on voting. As delegates lobbied their home states to support the resolution, five men got to work on an accompanying document that laid out the reasons colonists wanted to sever ties with Britain. They nominated Jefferson to pen the first draft of what is now known as the Declaration of Independence.
Here are nine common myths about the American Revolution. In little more than two weeks, Jefferson churned out a draft that drew on a variety of other documents , including some of the up to similar declarations that had been circulating in the buildup to the Lee Resolution.
But a test vote conducted on July 1 was anything but unanimous. Pennsylvania and South Carolina hoped there was still a chance to reconcile with Britain; they voted against independence. And New York abstained—its delegates were under orders not to impede a possible reconciliation.
The next day, on July 2, the delegates tried again. This time, the vote had a different outcome. South Carolina changed its position. That day, the Congress voted unanimously for independence. Although the debate was not documented, Jefferson later blamed South Carolina and Georgia for balking at the passage. Many delegates, including Jefferson himself, held slaves and personally profited from their labor.
With the Declaration of Independence complete, the Continental Congress voted to adopt it on July 4, It was received with great fanfare, and July 4—not July 2—is celebrated as the anniversary of American independence.
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