All Sections. About Us. B2B Publishing. Business Visionaries. Hot Property. Times Events. Times Store. Facebook Twitter Show more sharing options Share Close extra sharing options. By Michael Hiltzik Business Columnist. Michael Hiltzik. After deliberations with the representative of the Hansen's disease patients living in the Yunosawa area and the governor of Gunma Prefecture, who received the order from the Japanese government to move them, had agreed to the mass relocation in This is how Yunosawa had closed its 55 years history and many Hansen's disease patients had moved to the National Sanatorium Kuryu Rakusen-en.
The 'Freely recuperate Zone' within the centre houses affluent patients who had enough funds to build their own houses. I was able to hear from many residential People who have historical knowledge of the above and would like to report it here.
Skip to content Across the Yahoo Network. Get In The Know delivered to your inbox daily. We're keeping you In The Know on the stories that matter to you. Popular Stories 1 Musician Audrey Nuna is fearlessly loyal to her sound The singer and rapper draws inspiration from artists… 2 This is the real secret to making movie theater popcorn at home This butter-flavored seasoning is a must.
Compositeness refers to the nature of idioms, which are made up of more than one word i. Semantic opacity refers to figurative or nonliteral features of idioms, in the sense that meanings of idioms are not the mere sum of their critical parts.
Fernando adds that these characteristics are not only characteristics of idioms, but they are shared by the other multiword expressions, such as collocations, proverbs, and idioms Ordudari: These standard or traditional features are metaphoricity or figurativeness, analyzability or non- compositionality, fixedness of form, the level of formality, and being multi-word expressions.
Metaphoricity is deemed the principal feature of idioms. Non-compositionality indicates that idioms are dead, whereby their meanings are arbitrary and not figurative. Fixedness of form signifies the intolerant syntactic nature of idioms, as they are frozen.
The level of formality is related to the fact that idioms are considered to belong to informal, spoken language rather than formal, written language. Last, of all, idioms are composed of more than one word and, thus, they are multi-word expressions.
He believes that idiomsare not merely dead, frozen metaphors, as there are some idioms that are not dead or frozen. For example, Gibbs 58 states that some scholars' assumption that idioms are dead metaphors is far from being accurate. He adds that the arbitrary conventions of usage might determine idioms' meanings.
Take for example, the idiom of "break a leg", which means to wish a good luck before a performance; this idiom originated from the old superstition that wishing good luck to someone would be bad luck, and hence by the progress of time people started to use it and now it becomes fixed as a convention.
As such, the translation of idioms poses many challenges for a translator whose job goes beyond merely translating lexical items from a source language to a target language. It is a process of translating the style of language and, therefore, the culture of a source language to a target language. Consequently, it is principal optimal and essential that a translator is cognizant of the cultural variances and the various discoursal strategies in the source and target languages.
The hidden structure of the source text should be analyzed through the use of various discoursal strategies by the translator Razmjou: Aldahesh argues that the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic complexity of the ST idioms makes translating them a challenging task. Baker postulates that the problems in translating idioms are prompted by two causes, viz. Recognizing an expression as an idiom may not be an easy task as it might seem to.
Translators sometimes fall in the trap of perceiving an idiom literally, and thus the inability to recognize it as an idiom. While some idioms lend themselves to literal rendering, others do not. This statement is true. Sparrows are with sparrows; robins are with other robins; crows with other crows, etc.
The variations within the bird species do not mix. However, this statement is usually intended to describe humans and, these days have more to do with the character of a person like-minded or alike than race or ethnicity, although this idiom can be used in this way as well. With this idiom "kill two birds with one stone" as well, it is possible that a literal application could happen.
However, the English idiom, "got my goat" to get a person's goat means to irritate them as in "He's got my goat", cannot be translated literally. Baker believes that the more complicated an expression to understand in specific contexts, the more likely it will be recognized as an idiom by a translator.
For example, the expression "Put your money where your mouth is" surely must mystify target-language readers, and the translator would realize that this saying is not meant to be taken literally. However, Baker mentioned that there are some instances where idioms can be misleading for a translator. Some idioms can be interpreted, and they render some vague, poorly understood meaning, the meaning that is obvious resulting from the most straightforward word to direct word translation.
However, the problem is that these idioms may have a different meaning from the literal meaning that they mean. A case in point is the idiomatic expression "go out with", which if translated the meaning literally will not correspond with the ST meaning in some contexts. People who are just starting dating are said to be going on a date.
When the dates continue, and it becomes a pattern, then people will say, "They're dating" When the couple becomes a couple, then the terms "boyfriend" and "girlfriend" will be used. Or people may describe the couple as "being an item. This is why, if one person is being insincere and "stringing the other person along, the other person gets so upset and feels so hurt and betrayed and let down, of course.
It is supposed to be an exclusive relationship, thus the term "cheating on someone", is used when someone is not loyal. Thus, the idiom means and refers to a somewhat committed and exclusive relationship with someone rather than just going out with. The idiom lends itself to a play on words or meaning, as it can be used to mean the literal meaning or even the idiomatic meaning. However, in western culture, at least in some western cultures, to go out on a date does not mean that sex is going to be taking place nor that it is intended nor understood that it should be taking place.
To sum up, the expression "going out with" can be applied to different sorts of relationships, as explainedearlier. However, it might be perceived literally as an action of emptying a radiator. If this idiom were translated and understood literally, people might be perplexed, wondering why all of a sudden, someone is going out to work on their car. Clearly, this idiom can only be properly understood in a figurative sense.
The English idiom means to tell a joke to somebody, and then tell the truth. For example, an uncle tells his niece, "The sun is going to rise and set in the east tomorrow. Furthermore, the uncle says, "Nah, I was just pulling your leg.
Thus, the Arabic version is meant to be a real deception not teasing someone and is, therefore, more sinister. It is, thus, clear that a lot of translation is a hit or miss situation - a meaning hit with an idiom loss. Or, to be more exact, it is a literal-meaning hit but an idiomatic-meaning loss or lost altogether.
A literal-meaning hit, but an idiomatic-meaning loss can be defined as a Source Text to Target Text translation in which the literal meaning is achieved successfully translated , but the flavor of the idiomatic meaning is lost. We call this type of translation a real hit but idiom loss. According to Baker , there are some challenges in translating idioms that have nothing to do with the nature of idioms.
Put in other words, these difficulties are faced in translating opaque as well as transparent idioms. These problems are:. Lack of equivalence: some idioms are culture-specific, and therefore, they do not have equivalents in the TL. As regards translation, culture is an inseparable component of the translation process.
Sheikh mentioned that translation is not only decoding and recoding of lexemes, but it is also a process of decoding and recoding culture. A case in point would be "yours faithfully," which does not have an equivalent greeting in Arabic. A translator then has to translate it as watfadallou biqoboul faiq al ehtram which means, please accept the utmost respect , or any other standard greeting in Arabic. In this regard, Snell-Hornby states that translation can no longer be envisaged as occurring at the level of language only; it is instead a cross-culture transfer.
Fenyo puts it straightforward that a translator is a bilingual mediator who should be able not only to decode and code a source text, but he should also be able to transcode it to the target language readers in a way that does not leave some information out or distort the meaning of the source text.
Therefore, as proposed by Fenyo, knowledge of the source and target cultures is proximal, premium, and a prerequisite to proper translation.
A culture-specific idiom is not necessarily to be untranslatable. This idiom can be translated into Arabic as yabeaa mayyeh fi haret assaqqayeen to sell water in the district of water sellers.
The idiom in SL may have a similar counterpart in the target language, but the connotations are different, and they may not be pragmatically transferable. However, the two idioms are connotatively different. The English idiom highlights the contradiction in opinions and views, which is harmful. The Chinese idiom, in contrast, is complimentary and has a positive meaning. An idiom in the SL may have idiomatic and literal senses at the same time, which are not represented at the literal or idiomatic level in many languages.
0コメント